Flora and Fauna

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUBLINGUAL TABLET OF BISOPROLOL FUMARATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION

Tejal H. Date — 2026-05-19

Bisoprolol fumarate is a selective β1-blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of sublingual tablets to provide rapid onset of action and avoid first-pass metabolism. Tablets were prepared by direct compression using suitable superdisintegrants. The formulations were evaluated for pre- and post-compression parameters such as flow properties, hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, and disintegration time. All formulations showed acceptable results within pharmacopeial limits. The optimized batch exhibited rapid disintegration and faster drug release in dissolution studies, indicating improved bioavailability. Thus, sublingual tablets of bisoprolol fumarate offer an effective alternative to conventional oral dosage forms for quick management of hypertension..

Dharmic Environmental Ethics: Tree and Animal Worship in Indian Tradition

Ravi Khangai — 2026-03-27

Dharmic environmental ethics, deeply rooted in the ancient Indian philosophical and the religious traditions, offers with a holistic, value-oriented, and spiritually grounded framework for ecological consciousness as well as conservation. Something that is inherently tied to the life of a human being and that cannot be regarded as an active resource that could be utilized can be regarded as something divine and incredibly valuable to nature as a property of Dharmic approach to nature. This viewpoint is heavily opposed to current anthropocentric worldviews of the late industrial society that tend to incompletely balance the human utility with the ecological balance.

The present study examines the ethical foundations of environmental consciousness embedded in Indian cultural practices, with particular emphasis on tree and animal worship as significant expressions of ecological reverence. Through predominantly primary sources, the Vedas (and those particularly consisting of the Rigveda and Atharvaveda), the Puranas, and other of the Dharmashastric texts, and on the example of folk traditions and oral cultural practice the paper can narrate how this signifies that the traditions are used to explain a divine union between man and nature. These sources depict that trees, animals, rivers and forests have come to have spiritual connotations and thus, creating spirit of preservation inhibiting and co-existing.

By critically analyzing this tradition of text and cultural practices, the article asserts that the practice of tree and animal worship has been primordial in nature of functioning as an aboriginal method of environmental protection, and has been utilized in the safeguarding of the biodiversity and carrying ecological balance. The practices are never ritual or symbolic but an ecological ethic and inherent in nature and they determine man in his relationship with nature.

The Dharmic environmental ethics is one such viable and applicable alternative paradigm that is being used amid contemporary global environmental crisis of climate change, deforestation and depletion of biodiversity. The study, therefore, implies that re-appraisal of these ancient ecological values and re-defining the same can equally teach some useful lessons and meaningful examples to guide the contemporary environmental protection and sustainable development

EVALUATION OF POPULATION DENSITY AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF FIELD SOIL FROM MAHADEVAPATTINAM, THIRUVARUR DISTRICT

T. Tamilvani — 2026-02-25

This research presents an analytical investigation of field soil samples collected from Mahadevapattinam village and surrounding areas of Thiruvarur District. The study focused on assessing the population density of soil microbes along with their physicochemical and biochemical parameters. Soil, a heterogeneous matrix composed of both organic and inorganic components, serves as a vital and nutrient-rich medium supporting microbial diversity. A total of six bacterial strains—Bacillus subtilis, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense, Enterobacter cloacae, Rhizobium leguminosarum, and Pseudomonas fluorescens—were isolated using the dilution plating technique and identified with reference to standard microbial manuals. Physicochemical properties such as soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity, and microbial populations including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and diazotrophs were analyzed.Further, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of major functional groups such as hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (C=O), and amide linkages, indicating the abundance of organic matter and microbial metabolites. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling identified several bioactive compounds including fatty acid methyl esters, alkanes, and phenolic derivatives, signifying active microbial decomposition and complex organic composition of the soil. The findings suggest that the bacterial isolates from paddy field soils, supported by rich organic signatures revealed through FTIR and GC–MS analyses, can serve as potential biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Collectively, these rhizosphere-associated microbes and their metabolites play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, and sustainable soil fertility management.

IMPACT OF SEASONAL CHANGES ON THE DIETARY FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS FROM RAMESWARAM

Reka P — 2026-02-13

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the dietary fibre content of six selected edible seaweeds, namely Acanthophora spicifera , Gracilaria corticata, Gracilaria edulis, Ulva lactuca, Ulva reticulata, and Stoechospermum marginatum collected across different seasons. The results revealed that all the selected seaweeds contained high levels of dietary fibre, which varied significantly (p < 0.01) among species as well as across seasons. Among them, the red seaweed Gracilaria edulis exhibited the highest total dietary fibre (TDF) content, with values of 42.4 ± 1.69 g during the pre-monsoon season, 41.3 ± 0.61 g in the post-monsoon season, and 41.23 ± 1.12 g in the monsoon season. Notably, the highest soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content was also recorded in Gracilaria edulis during the monsoon season. Overall, the findings underscore that red seaweeds, particularly Gracilaria edulis, are rich sources of dietary fibre and hold promising potential for use in the development of diabetic-friendly food formulations and nutraceuticals.

THE ROLE OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND SMART TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH STUDY ON DRONES, SENSORS, AND AI FOR ENHANCING CROP MANAGEMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

Erika Samamtha Pacheco Arenas — 2026-02-05

Global agriculture is increasingly threatened by climate variability, soil degradation, and resource scarcity, creating the need for sustainable and efficient farming practices. Precision agriculture offers a pathway to address these challenges through the integration of smart technologies for site-specific management. This study investigated the combined role of drones, IoT-enabled sensors, and artificial intelligence in enhancing crop monitoring, resource use efficiency, and yield prediction within a semi-arid agroforestry landscape covering 250 hectares. Multispectral and hyperspectral UAVs were deployed to generate vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, NDWI), while IoT-based soil and climate sensors recorded continuous data on moisture, nutrients, and microclimatic conditions. These datasets were analyzed using advanced machine learning algorithms, including random forest regression and convolutional neural networks, supported by multivariate approaches such as principal component analysis. Results showed that UAV-derived indices accurately tracked crop growth and stress, IoT systems revealed nutrient and water variability strongly linked with canopy performance, and AI models achieved more than 80% variance explanation with stress classification accuracies above 90%. Precision-managed plots recorded a 19% higher yield while reducing water and fertilizer inputs by 21% and 17%, respectively, compared to conventional practices. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrated smart farming technologies to promote climate-smart agriculture, strengthen food security, and reduce environmental footprints, while highlighting the need for affordable solutions and multi-location validations for wider adoption.

EXERCISE SELF-EFFICACY, MOTIVATION, AND ADHERENCE TO REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMS AMONG ADULTS

Mark Bennette M. Ulep — 2024-06-19

This study examined the relationships among exercise self-efficacy, motivation, and adherence to regular physical activity programs among adults using a descriptive–correlational research design. Adult participants enrolled in regular physical activity programs were selected through purposive sampling and represented diverse backgrounds and activity levels. Data were gathered using validated self-report instruments measuring exercise self-efficacy, exercise motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic), and adherence to physical activity in terms of consistency, frequency, and duration. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to analyze the data. Findings revealed high levels of exercise self-efficacy and motivation among participants, indicating strong confidence in their ability to perform and maintain exercise routines and a high degree of internal and external motivation to engage in physical activity. Adherence to regular physical activity programs was likewise found to be high, suggesting that participants were generally consistent in maintaining their exercise behaviors. Correlation results showed significant positive relationships between exercise self-efficacy and adherence, as well as between motivation and adherence, demonstrating that adults who possess stronger confidence in their exercise capabilities and higher motivational levels are more likely to sustain regular participation in physical activity programs. The findings underscore the importance of psychological factors in promoting long-term engagement in physical activity. Exercise self-efficacy enables individuals to overcome common barriers, while motivation—particularly intrinsic motivation supports sustained commitment to exercise routines. The study concludes that effective physical activity promotion programs should integrate strategies that enhance both self-efficacy and motivation to improve adherence and support long-term health and well-being among adults.

LIFESTYLE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, BODY COMPOSITION, AND METABOLIC HEALTH INDICATORS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AT ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Jonathan L. Roque — 2025-10-20

This study examined the relationship between lifestyle physical activity, body composition, and metabolic health indicators among university students of Isabela State University. University students are at a critical stage in which lifestyle behaviors are established, yet increasing sedentary patterns may predispose them to unfavorable health outcomes. Using a quantitative descriptive–correlational research design, the study assessed students’ levels of lifestyle physical activity and analyzed their association with body composition and selected metabolic indicators. Participants were undergraduate students selected through stratified random sampling to ensure representation across colleges and year levels. Data were collected using a validated physical activity questionnaire, standardized anthropometric measurements, and basic metabolic screenings, including body mass index, body fat percentage, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed that most students were moderately physically active, with body mass index values generally within the normal range. However, body fat percentage indicated moderate fat accumulation, suggesting that normal BMI did not always reflect optimal body composition. Metabolic indicators were likewise within normal ranges, indicating generally good metabolic health among participants. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant inverse relationships between lifestyle physical activity and body mass index, body fat percentage, and fasting blood glucose levels. These findings indicate that higher levels of lifestyle physical activity are associated with healthier body composition and more favorable metabolic profiles. The study concludes that lifestyle physical activity plays a significant role in maintaining healthy body composition and metabolic regulation among university students. Although current metabolic health appears adequate, moderate activity levels may be insufficient to prevent long-term health risks. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening campus-based physical activity and wellness programs to promote sustained active lifestyles and prevent future metabolic disorders among university students...

TRAINING LOAD MANAGEMENT, RECOVERY STRATEGIES, AND PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES

Mark Bennette M. Ulep — 2024-10-19

This study employed a descriptive–correlational research design to examine the relationships among training load management, recovery strategies, and athletic performance outcomes among collegiate athletes in the Province of Isabela. The study aimed to determine the extent to which training load and recovery practices are associated with athletes’ performance in a collegiate sports setting. The respondents consisted of collegiate athletes from selected higher education institutions in Isabela, chosen through purposive sampling. Participants represented various sports disciplines, including athletics, basketball, volleyball, and football, ensuring a diverse range of training demands and competitive experiences.

Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising three sections: training load management, recovery strategies, and performance outcomes. Training load management focused on training frequency, intensity, volume, and monitoring practices, while recovery strategies included sleep quality, nutrition, hydration, active recovery, and psychological recovery. Performance outcomes were assessed in terms of perceived performance, endurance, strength, and competition readiness. All items were measured using a 5-point Likert scale, and the instruments were validated by sports science experts to ensure reliability and content validity. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics to determine the levels of training load management, recovery strategies, and performance outcomes, and Pearson correlation analysis to examine the relationships among the variables. The results revealed high levels of training load management and recovery strategy utilization among athletes. Moreover, both training load management and recovery strategies showed significant positive relationships with athletic performance outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of balancing structured training demands with effective recovery practices to enhance performance and support athlete well-being..

UNLOCKING RESILIENCE: GENETIC VARIABILITY AND TRAIT-BASED SELECTION FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN F₃ PROGENIES OF RABI SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH)

M. P. Chate — 2026-01-29

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a vital C₄ crop globally, with Rabi (post-rainy) sorghum in India facing significant yield instability due to post-flowering drought stress. This study aimed to assess the genetic variability, character association, and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits and drought tolerance parameters on grain yield in thirty Rabi sorghum genotypes, comprising twenty F₃ progenies, eight parents, and two checks. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) at the Sorghum Research Station, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani, during the Rabi 2022 season. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all eighteen characters studied, indicating substantial genetic variability. High estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variance were observed for leaf area, flag leaf area, plant height, fodder yield per plant, grain yield per plant, and relative water content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for leaf area (94.60% heritability, 40.52% GA), flag leaf area (88.70% heritability, 39.38% GA), and grain yield per plant (76.80% heritability, 38.30% GA), suggesting the predominance of additive gene action and effectiveness of selection for these traits. Grain yield per plant exhibited a significant positive correlation with plant height, flag leaf area, relative water content, 1000 seed weight, and harvest index at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path analysis further revealed that plant height, flag leaf area, 1000 seed weight, and harvest index exerted the highest positive direct effects on grain yield. The superior F₃ progenies, including F₃-2-3 and F₃-1-4, demonstrated maximum grain yield (69.02 g/plant and 64.01 g/plant, respectively) and favorable drought tolerance traits. These findings suggest that selection based on these key morpho-physiological traits will be effective for developing high-yielding, drought-tolerant Rabi sorghum varieties.

WATERSHED MICROBIOMES AND HABITAT SUITABILITY OF THE ORIENTAL DARTER IN A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS ECOSYSTEM

Biswa Jyoti Singha — 2026-01-28

Freshwater ecosystems in semi-urban landscapes are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, biological processes, and land-use patterns. The present study evaluates the habitat suitability of the Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), a Near Threatened aquatic bird, within the Assam Don Bosco University (ADBU) Tapesia Campus by integrating physicochemical water analysis, microbial community profiling, avian observations, and GIS-based spatial assessment. Physicochemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (CO₂), alkalinity, and hardness were analyzed across selected aquatic sites. Systematic field surveys were conducted to record Oriental Darter sightings and behavioural patterns. Metagenomic analysis of water from preferred habitats was carried out using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by bioinformatic processing to characterize microbial community composition. GIS tools were employed to map land use, bird sightings, and habitat suitability gradients across the campus. The results showed that the Oriental Darter preferentially occupied lake habitats exhibiting neutral pH, higher dissolved oxygen, and lower carbon dioxide levels. These sites supported balanced freshwater microbial communities involved in nutrient cycling, while sites with poorer water quality showed microbes associated with organic enrichment and ecological stress. GIS-based habitat suitability mapping corroborated field observations, identifying spatial clusters of high suitability aligned with favourable water quality and biological conditions. The study highlights the value of integrating water biochemical parameters, microbiome data, avian bioindicators, and geospatial analysis for assessing freshwater ecosystem health. The findings provide baseline ecological information for campus-level conservation planning and demonstrate a replicable framework for monitoring semi-urban aquatic ecosystems.

BAMBOO IN ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY BUILDING: IMPLICATIONS FOR EFFICIENCY AND SECURITY

Shailja Sakharkar — 2026-01-15

The building industry is one of the leading contributors to global carbon emissions and resource depletion of carbon emissions and resource depletion and therefore the introduction of low-impact and a sustainable building material is required. Bamboo has been found to be an excellent alternative to traditional materials like concrete and steel because of its quick renewability, high strength to weight ratio as well as its high carbon sequestration capacity. This paper is a critical review of the application of bamboo in ecologically friendly building construction and specifically explores its meaning on energy conservation and structural security. The 52 peer-reviewed journal articles, industry reports, and case studies published between 2019 and 2025 were synthesized with the help of the systematic secondary research methodology and the PRISMA principles. Embodied energy, carbon footprint, mechanical performance, and seismic, fire, and biological resistance were assessed by using lifecycle assessment (LCA) methods and thematic analysis of bamboo. Their results show that bamboo-based buildings can have 30-50 percent of the embodied energy and much lower CO 2 emissions than traditional construction materials, as well as have a competitive tensile strength (100-400 Mpa) and an impressive seismic ductility. Bamboo that is treated in a proper way is more fire resistant and durable and service life of such bamboo is over 50 years. Moreover, the lightweight and flexible properties of bamboo make bamboo strong in respect to structures in disaster-prone areas and facilitate quick post-disaster recovery. Although these benefits exist, issues that pertain to standardization, cost of treatment and acceptability by the regulators still pose a challenge to its widespread use. The research finds that the adoption of bamboo in the modern construction industry, backed with standard codes and policy agendas, has the potential to significantly support sustainable, resilient and low-carbonized built environment, especially in the developing economies.

EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZATION USING SHREDDED LATEX GLOVES (SLG)

Ku. Pragati Damke — 2025-12-30

Soil has been used as a construction material from time immortal. Being poor in mechanical properties, it has become challenges to civil engineers. Soil stabilization is a technique to refine and improve the engineering properties of soils such as mechanical strength, permeability, compressibility, durability and plasticity. In this paper focus is made on the improvement of engineering properties of soil by using different waste material such as Shredded Latex Gloves (SLG).The used surgical gloves were not allowed to use laboratory testing due to laboratory work safety rules and restriction. Therefore, clean surgical gloves were used in the experimental programme and shredded gloves to the size approximately up to 2 cm in length. This study investigates the feasibility of integrating shredded surgical gloves into expansive soil to enhance their mechanical properties for engineering application. Additionally, the study analysed the potential of shredded surgical gloves in improving soil fabric, reducing contact force etc. Use of shredded Latex surgical gloves serve as a valuable resource for soil stabilization. Shredded Latex Gloves could improve the engineering properties of expansive soil. The findings importance of understanding the interaction between soil also open new pathways in geotechnical applications. The black cotton soil is abundantly available mainly in central India (some part of Maharashtra also).Generally, this type of soil exhibit shrinkage and swelling properties due to presence of highly active clay minerals(Mont Mormonite). The black cotton soil is not suitable for construction purpose as it shows high change of volume with respect to seasons. Various researchers from different countries proposed some new techniques for soil stabilization for expansive soil. Soil stabilization of expansive soil is necessary to enhance the suitability of soil as construction material. From the various literature review it is observed that there is no study for soil stabilization by using Shredded Latex Gloves. This material belongs to medical waste material category and can be easily available at cheap rate after the COVID- 19. This Shredded Latex Gloves can effectively enhance the physical and mechanical properties of soil. In the present study experimental work will be carried out to check the suitability of Shredded Latex Gloves as a soil stabilizer for black cotton soil.

ETHNOVETERINARY PERCEPTIONS OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES IN KYMORE RANGE OF VINDHYAN REGION, M.P., INDIA

Divakar Kushwaha — 2025-12-30

This research chronicles and quantifies ethnoveterinary knowledge practiced by tribes in the Kymore Range of Vindhyan region, Madhya Pradesh, Central India. The 2021–2022 study examined 23 tribal-dominated villages in Rewa and Satna districts residing in plateaus, escarpments, valleys, and forest edges. Field studies with 725 informants from the Gond, Kol, Baiswar, Panika, and Khairwar tribes used semi-structured interviews, transect walks, and participatory observations to obtain ethnoveterinary data. To treat cattle wounds, gastrointestinal illnesses, skeletal and muscular issues, reproductive issues, and parasite infections, 27 plant species from 18 families were described. Fabaceae dominated, followed by Meliaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae. Leaves were employed most, followed by roots, tubers, seeds, bark, and oils in pastes, decoctions, infusions, fumes, or direct feeding. Quantitative ethnobotanical indicators including Use Value (UV), Frequency of Citation (FC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL) assessed the species' cultural value and dependability. Vachellia nilotica and Azadirachta indica had the greatest usage values, demonstrating ethnoveterinary versatility. The greatest informant consensus was for gastrointestinal disorders, indicating healers supported treating internal parasites and diarrhea. Some species, such Soymida febrifuga, Pueraria tuberosa, and Terminalia elliptica, showed 100% fidelity, indicating their preferred usage for certain conditions. The research highlights the rich yet fragile ethnoveterinary history of the Kymore Range tribes and the urgent need to conserve, preserve, and scientifically validate it for sustainable cattle healthcare and future pharmaceutical investigation.

LENGTH-WEIGHT, LENGTH-LENGTH RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION FACTOR OF AN ORNAMENTAL BARB LAUBUKA LAUBUCA (HAMILTON, 1822) FROM DIROI AND DISANG RIVER (TRIBUTARY OF BRAHMAPUTRA) IN UPPER ASSAM, NORTH EAST INDIA

Jugendra Nath Das — 2025-12-30

Length-weight and length-length relationships of Laubuka laubuca (Hamilton 1822) were studied from upper Assam, North East India. Condition factors were also calculated for both male and female for each standard length class. A total of 366 individuals (179 male and 187 female individuals) were collected between May, 2024 and August, 2025. Total length of males ranged between 3.1 and 6.3 cm with a mean length 5.15±0.586 cm while for females it varies between 3.4 and 6.5 cm with a mean length 5.16±0.685 cm. L. laubuca showed positive allometric growth pattern for both the sexes with length-weight relationship of (for male) and (for female) respectively. The length-length relationship between and , and , and displayed highly strong correlation ( ). The mean value for Fulton’s condition factor ( ), Allometric condition factor ( ) and Relative condition factor ( ) were 1.731±0.344, 1.440±0.288 and 1.021±0.204, respectively. The findings of this study will help to implement specific strategies for sustainable fisheries management of the species.

TURBIDITY TRENDS IN RIVER GANGA AT DIAMOND HARBOUR-INDIA

Divya Ghildyal — 2025-12-30

The present study evaluates the water quality of River Ganga at Diamond Harbour through monthly monitoring of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters from January to December 2024. Water samples were analyzed for turbidity, temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Fixed Solids (TFS), Escherichia coli, Fecal coliforms, and Fecal streptococci. Turbidity values ranged from 33.5 to 538 NTU, with maximum values recorded during October and May and pH remained slightly alkaline throughout the study period, while solids concentration showed wide fluctuations. Bacteriological parameters exceeded permissible limits in all months, with extremely high E. coli and fecal coliform counts observed in October, indicating severe feacal contamination. The correlation analysis revealed a very weak relationship between turbidity and temperature and turbidity and pH. A moderate negative correlation was observed between turbidity and TDS , while turbidity showed a weak positive correlation with TSS . Elevated microbial counts were found associated positively with turbidity. Concluding that bacteriological parameters were responsible for high turbidity during the study period. The work paves way for finding mathematical models for further investigation of turbidity fluctuations with bacterilogocal microorganisms at the study area to curb water pollution.

Pot Experiment on Cadmium Uptake by Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Brassica carinata (Ethiopian kale)

Khadija Mika Dawud — 2025-12-14

This study investigated the potential of Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) and Brassica carinata (Ethiopian kale) for phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils through a pot experiment. Seedlings were grown in soil spiked with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm Cd levels for one month. Plant growth, Cd accumulation in shoots, bioconcentration factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF) were evaluated. Both species exhibited tolerance to moderate Cd levels up to 40 mg/kg without significant biomass reduction. At 10-25 μM Cd, B. juncea showed 37-47% higher shoot Cd accumulation compared to B. carinata. The maximum shoot Cd accumulation was 175 μg for B. juncea and 115 μg for B. carinata at 20 μM Cd. TF values close to 1 indicated efficient root-to-shoot Cd translocation below 25 μM Cd for both species. BCF, a key phytoremediation indicator, ranged from 3.2-4.6 for B. juncea and 4.94-7.27 for B. carinata at Cd levels below 40 mg/kg. Modeling suggested B. carinata could remediate soil from 10 to 0.3 mg/kg Cd in 8.5 years with 24 t/ha biomass, compared to 13 years for B. juncea. The findings demonstrate that both Brassica species demonstrated promising phytoremediation potential for moderately Cd-polluted soils, with B. carinata exhibiting slightly better performance.

HYPERTENSION PREVENTION AND CONTROL: KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE AMONG HEALTHCARE STUDENTS AND STAFF

Mayank Bhatia — 2025-12-13

Background: Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Healthcare students and hospital staff are key to prevention, early detection and patient education. This study assessed knowledge and attitude towards hypertension prevention and control among medical, dental, nursing students and paramedical staff in four tertiary hospitals in India.
Methods: Cross-sectional study with 250 participants (100 MBBS, 50 BDS, 50 Nursing, 50 Paramedical). A structured questionnaire: a 15-item knowledge section (scored 0–15) and a 15-item attitude section using a 5-point Likert scale (score range 15–75). Demographics, training exposure and self-reported practices were recorded. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons (ANOVA / Kruskal–Wallis), chi-square tests, and correlation between knowledge and attitude scores were done.
Results: Mean knowledge score (max 15) — MBBS 12.0 (SD 1.5), BDS 9.5 (SD 2.0), Nursing 10.5 (SD 1.8), Paramedical 9.0 (SD 2.2).

Overall weighted mean = 10.6/15. Mean attitude score (max 75) — MBBS 60 (SD 6), BDS 52 (SD 7), Nursing 55 (SD 6.5), Paramedical 50 (SD 7.5).

Between-group differences were statistically significant (ANOVA p < 0.001). Knowledge and attitude correlated positively (Pearson r ≈ 0.56, p < 0.001). Only ~40% reported adequate prior training in hypertension counseling.

Conclusions: Knowledge and positive attitudes toward hypertension prevention were highest among MBBS students and lower among BDS and paramedical staff. Structured education and interprofessional training in hypertension prevention and counseling are recommended.

BIO-EFFICACY OF NEWER INSECTICIDES AGAINST GRAM POD BORER (HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER) ON CHICKPEA

Samadhan P Javalage — 2025-12-13

The investigation sought to examine the Bio efficacy of several insecticides on the larval population of the gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in chickpea plants, as well as the corresponding cost-benefit ratio. The present study was carried out at KVK Operational area Village Nahnegaon Solapur during Rabi (2024-25) in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments replicated three times. The outcomes revealed that the application of Cyclaniliprole 100 DC @ 40 g.a.i/ha and Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha were established to be most effective treatments and application of Chlorantraniliprole 9.30 % + Lambda-cyhalothrin 04.60 % ZC @ 30 g.a.i./ha was least effective in respect of larval population/mrl of H.armigera. Novaluron 5.25 % + Indoxacarb 4.50 % SC @ 43.31 + 37.13 g.a.i./ha recorded highest percent pod damage and Cyclaniliprole 100 DC @ 40 g.a.i/ha and Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha recorded least percent pod damage. The maximum yield was recorded in Cyclaniliprole 100 DC @ 40 g.a.i/ha (22.56 q/ha) followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha (21.13 q/ha) and lowest yield was recorded from Chlorantraniliprole 9.30 % + Lambda-cyhalothrin 04.60 % ZC (15.60 q/ha) treated plot. The economics of different new molecule insecticides indicated that higher benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed from Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha (8.14:1) followed by Cyclaniliprole 100 DC @ 40 g.a.i/ha (7.14:1) and the lower BCR was recorded from Novaluron 5.25 % + Indoxacarb 4.50 % SC @ 43.31 + 37.13 g.a.i./ha (2.86:1). Cyclaniliprole 100 DC @ 40 g.a.i/ha, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha, Flubendiamide 8.33 % + Deltamethrin 5.56 % SC @ 22.50 + 15 g.a.i./ha (250 ml/ha) and Novaluron 5.25 % + Indoxacarb 4.50 % SC @ 43.31 + 37.13 g.a.i./ha are newer group of insecticides, which are relatively safer and more effective against gram pod borer as comparison to conventional insecticides and can be used in successful management of this key pest of chickpea.

AWARENESS OF RISK FACTORS FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AMONG CARDIAC SURGERY PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN FOUR TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS OF INDIA.

Mohini Thakur — 2025-12-02

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Awareness of CAD risk factors among healthcare providers is crucial for effective patient education and prevention strategies.

Objective: To assess the awareness of CAD risk factors among medical (MBBS students and interns), dental (BDS students), and paramedical staff (nurses and technicians) in four tertiary-level hospitals in India.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 250 participants: 100 MBBS students/interns, 50 BDS students, and 100 paramedical staff. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge of major CAD risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, and family history.

Results: Awareness levels varied across groups. MBBS students/interns demonstrated the highest awareness (mean score 82%), followed by BDS students (74%), and paramedical staff (65%). Hypertension and smoking were most frequently identified as risk factors (>90% recognition across groups), while obesity and sedentary lifestyle were less recognized, particularly among paramedical staff (45% and 40% respectively).

Conclusion: While overall awareness of CAD risk factors was satisfactory among medical and dental students, gaps remain among paramedical staff, particularly regarding lifestyle-related risks. Targeted educational interventions are recommended to strengthen preventive cardiology practices in tertiary care settings.

ATTITUDE OF HEALTHCARE STUDENTS AND PROFESSIONALS TOWARDS MRSA AND OTHER MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALS.

Shweta Chaudhary — 2025-11-27

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) pose significant challenges to infection control in hospitals. Understanding healthcare workers’ attitudes is crucial for designing effective interventions. Objective: To assess the attitudes of healthcare students and professionals towards MRSA and MDROs in tertiary care hospitals in India.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 participants: 100 MBBS students/interns, 100 nursing students, and 100 technical staff (nurses and technicians) across four tertiary care hospitals. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to MRSA and MDROs.

Results: Overall, 72% of respondents recognized MRSA as a serious public health threat. Positive attitudes towards infection control were highest among nursing students (82%), followed by MBBS students/interns (76%), and technical staff (58%). However, only 45% reported consistent adherence to hand hygiene protocols. Fear of personal infection was reported by 61% of participants, while 39% expressed concern about inadequate institutional support. Conclusion: While awareness of MRSA and MDROs is relatively high, gaps remain in attitudes and practices,

particularly among technical staff. Targeted educational interventions and stronger institutional infection control policies are recommended

STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN COLOURED PERICARP SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH).

N. Ajay — 2025-11-26

Understanding the stability of grain yield and yield-attributing traits is critical for sorghum improvement under variable agro-ecological conditions. Twenty-one coloured pericarp sorghum genotypes were evaluated across three rabi environments—Parbhani, Basmathnagar, and Nanded—during 2022–23 using a randomized block design with two replications. Stability parameters were analysed according to the Eberhart and Russell (1966) model. Significant genotypic and environmental differences were observed for all yield traits. GP 40053-1-2 exhibited high grain yield and stable performance across environments, whereas IS 23891 and ISSVT 102 showed high yield potential. Genotypes GP 3138 and ISSVT 102 performed better under poor environments, while ICRISAT 409 and YPT 1007 performed better under favourable environments. The study identifies superior and stable genotypes suitable for rabi sorghum improvement.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING ON NEXT-GENERATION DRUG DISCOVERY.

P. P. Chinchole — 2025-11-25

The enduring difficulties of conventional drug discovery, which are marked by exorbitant expenses, protracted timelines, and poor success rates, may be revolutionary addressed by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This comprehensive review critically analyze recent advancements (2019–2025) in AI/ML techniques across the whole drug discovery process, from target selection to clinical development. We look at a variety of AI methods, such

as transformers, deep learning, and graph neural networks, with an emphasis on how they are used in crucial domains like preclinical safety evaluation, target identification, lead finding, and hit optimization. The benefits, drawbacks, and real-world difficulties are shown by our thorough comparison analysis. connected to several AI methodologies, highlighting crucial elements for effective application such data quality, model validation, and ethical considerations. The paper summarizes existing applications, points out enduring limitations, especially in clinical translation, interpretability, and data accessibility, and suggests future paths to fully realize AI's potential in developing safer, more effective, and more accessible medications. Through a focus on open and transparent methods, strong validation, and ethical frameworks, this review seeks to direct the ethical and significant incorporation of AI into pharmaceutical research and development

IMPACT OF PREOPERATIVE COUNSELING ON ANXIETY LEVELS IN CHILDREN AND PARENTS.

Bhavya Bhojwani — 2025-11-25

Background: Preoperative anxiety in children and their parents is common and associated with poorer perioperative cooperation, increased analgesic requirements, and longer recovery. Preoperative counseling (age-appropriate information, coping strategies, and orientation) is a potentially low-cost intervention to reduce anxiety.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of structured preoperative counseling on anxiety levels in children and their parents, and to assess perceptions of its usefulness among health-care trainees and staff (MBBS doctors/interns, nursing students, BDS students, and technical & nursing staff).

Design: Multicenter mixed-methods study with (A) a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of counseling vs standard care in 200 child–parent pairs and (B) a cross-sectional survey of 350 health-care trainees/staff across four tertiary hospitals of India.

Results (summary): In the RCT component, children who received structured counseling showed significantly lower Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) scores at induction compared with controls (mean difference −15.2 points, 95% CI −18.6 to −11.8, p<0.001). Parent state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-S) was also lower in the intervention group (mean difference −6.7, 95% CI −8.9 to −4.5, p<0.001). In the survey, >80% of MBBS and nursing students and ~70% of technical staff rated preoperative counseling as "very

useful"; common barriers cited were time constraints and lack of training.

Conclusions: Structured preoperative counseling significantly reduces anxiety in both children and parents. Widespread adoption—supported by brief training for clinical staff and students—could improve perioperative experience

CLIMATE CRISIS AND THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

Sridevi, T — 2025-11-21

Climate change is a really significant problem that we are presently confronting. Given the severe consequences of climate change on global populations, it is crucial to adopt an interdisciplinary strategy to mitigate its effects. Teachers have a vital role in imparting knowledge, convincing pupils, and serving as a model for critical thinking and environmental activism to equip students for the difficulties presented by climate change. Climate change is a significant concern for EFL teachers as they want to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills to address this global issue. The research seeks to investigate the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and preparedness of teachers in incorporating climate change topics into English Language Teaching (ELT). Education possesses the capacity to serve as the utmost crucial tool for transforming society in a manner that enables it to effectively address the consequences of climate change. It is crucial to be able to measure the level of awareness regarding climate change issues, as well as people’s readiness to take action. This is necessary in order to evaluate the effectiveness of climate change awareness and adaptation initiatives.

METHODS: This study employed qualitative research methods. The qualitative study findings were gathered from a variety of secondary sources, including media articles, academic journal articles, and past theses. A discourse analysis method was used throughout this study, and several case studies were gathered from news articles and journals to provide a brief overview of English classroom environment brings in children concerned on the environment,

INTERNET ADDICTION AND ITS IMPACTS: INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS IN ADOLESCENTS AMONG MADINAH SCHOOLS

Sarah Mustafa Haj Abdul Bagi Ahmed — 2025-11-21

Background: Internet use has become an integral part of adolescents’ daily lives; however, excessive and uncontrolled engagement may predispose vulnerable youth to psychological distress. Limited evidence exists regarding the burden of internet addiction and its emotional consequences among school-aged adolescents in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of internet addiction and examine its association with depression, anxiety, and stress in this population.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 248 adolescents enrolled in private and public schools in Madinah between September and December 2024. Internet addiction was evaluated using Young’s Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), and mental health symptoms were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Descriptive statistics were reported, gender differences were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test, and age-adjusted associations were analyzed using partial Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results: More than half of participants (54%) reported at least occasional problems related to internet use, and 4% experienced severe functional impairment. Severe or extremely severe symptoms were reported by 22.6% for depression, 38.3% for anxiety, and 19.4% for stress. Females demonstrated significantly higher stress levels compared to males (p = 0.016) and higher, though non-significant, depression and anxiety levels. Age-adjusted analysis showed that higher YIAS scores were significantly correlated with greater depression (ρ = 0.414, p < 0.001), anxiety (ρ = 0.350, p < 0.001), and stress (ρ = 0.449, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Problematic internet use is common among adolescents in Madinah and is strongly associated with increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, particularly among girls. These findings underline the need for school- and community-based screening,

preventive awareness programs, and early psychological interventions to promote balanced technology use and safeguard adolescent mental well-being

POLYMORPHIC SIGNATURES OF IL-1RA GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION IN SOUTHERN INDIA

Duraipandian M — 2025-11-20

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with genetic and immunological factors playing a central role in its onset and progression. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) gene, an immune-regulatory gene, influences inflammation-driven tomourigenesis and angiogenesis. Variations in IL-1RA may therefore serve as potential biomarkers of cancer susceptibility. This study investigated the association of IL-1RA variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms with breast, cervical, and lung cancers in a Southern India cohort. Peripheral blood samples were collected from cancer patients and healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted using the salting-out method, and IL-1RA VNTR polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA banding patterns were quantified, and genotype frequencies were analysed statistically.

The observed p-values for breast, cervical, and lung cancers were 0.329, 0.190, and 0.346, respectively. Cervical cancer patients displayed the broadest allelic diversity and showed the most significant association with IL-1RA VNTR polymorphisms. Breast cancer patients exhibited increased homozygous allele I and II genotypes, while lung cancer patients showed a restricted profile dominated by allele VI. IL-1RA VNTR polymorphisms exhibit cancer-specific patterns in Southern India, with cervical cancer showing the strongest association. These findings suggest that IL-1RA genetic variability may influence cancer susceptibility and progression, supporting its potential utility as a predictive biomarker. Larger-scale studies are warranted to confirm its role in cancer risk assessment

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS BIOMEDICAL WASTE SEGREGATION AMONG MEDICAL, NURSING, DENTAL STUDENTS AND PARAMEDICAL STAFF (INCLUDING NURSES AND TECHNICIAN HOSPITAL STAFF) IN TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITALS AND AFFILIATED COLLEGES

Rajat Kumbhkar — 2025-11-18

Background: Proper biomedical waste (BMW) segregation is essential to reduce infection risk and environmental harm. This study assessed knowledge and attitude towards BMW segregation among medical (MBBS), nursing, dental (BDS) students and paramedical staff in 3 tertiary hospitals and affiliated colleges.

Methods: Cross-sectional study using a structured 15-item questionnaire administered to 350 participants (100 MBBS students, 100 nursing students, 50 BDS students, 100 paramedical staff). Knowledge was scored (0–15) from objective items; attitude was measured by 15 Likert items (1–5) and summarized as mean attitude score. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons and correlation (knowledge vs attitude) were performed.

Results: Using sample data, mean knowledge scores were highest among MBBS students (mean ≈ 11/15), followed by paramedical staff (≈9.6), nursing (≈9.1), and dental students (≈8.3). Percentage who “agree/strongly agree” with “I understand biomedical waste segregation” was ~70% for MBBS, ~63% for paramedical, ~49% for nursing, and ~44% for dental in the mock dataset. A positive correlation between knowledge and attitude was observed in the mock data.

Conclusion: The results suggest gaps in knowledge and attitude that vary across groups; targeted training—particularly for nursing and dental students—could improve BMW segregation practices

ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND FTIR- BASED CHARACTERISATION OF RED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) GROWN IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Maneesha Devi — 2025-11-14

Red rice is a variety of rice characterised by a red outer layer of bran. The aspect that makes such rice different is that, although the rice undergoes extensive milling, it still retains the red residue in the outermost layer. It is well recognised that red rice has a high level of phytochemicals and exhibits strong antioxidant properties. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and FTIR characterisation of red rice collected from different districts of Himachal Pradesh. Phytochemical composition indicated that there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC) among the red rice samples. Kaluna (72.48±1.45 mg GAE/g) had the highest TPC, while the TFC was recorded in Jattoo (15.10±1.25 mg QE/g). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) varied from 0.37 ± 0.05 to 1.36 ± 0.03 mg/g, with Jattoo having the highest anthocyanin content. Gocha exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (76.32±2.42 mg AAE/g), while HPR-2795 showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (91.70±0.40 %) with the lowest IC50 value. Matali demonstrated the highest reducing power, highlighting its superior antioxidant potential. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic functional groups associated with proanthocyanidin present in red rice. The results highlight the nutritional and functional importance of red rice from Himachal Pradesh, demonstrating its potential as an antioxidant-rich functional food for enhancing health and reducing the chances of chronic diseases

PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FARMERS’ ADAPTATION THROUGH AGROFORESTRY: LAW, POLICY & SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY

Joydeb Patra — 2025-11-13

Climate change has emerged as a defining challenge for agrarian societies across the globe, particularly in developing economies such as India where livelihoods depend heavily on climate-sensitive agriculture. Agroforestry—the intentional integration of trees with crops and livestock—has been recognised as a viable adaptation and mitigation strategy. This paper explores how farmers perceive climate change, how these perceptions shape adaptation through agroforestry, and how legal and policy frameworks facilitate or constrain this process. Drawing upon sociological perspectives of environmental perception, as well as legal and institutional analyses, the paper argues that the social acceptability of agroforestry depends not only on ecological benefits but also on cultural meanings, land tenure systems, and state policy structures. The study concludes that adaptive governance, participatory extension, and equitable policy design are essential to strengthen farmers’ agency in climate-resilient agroforestry

“Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Family Planning Methods Among Eligible Couples Residing in Rural Area Vadodara”

Rina Patel — 2025-11-12

A descriptive research study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding family planning methods among the eligible couples of selected rural areas, Vadodara, Gujarat. The study selected 60 eligible couples of ages 21-45 years, using non-purposive convenient sampling technique. A self-structured knowledge questionnaire, attitude scale and practice checklist were developed by a researcher to collect the data. The tool was developed with the help of literature review, expert validation, and pretesting. The knowledge questionnaire was administered to assess the level of knowledge, whereas the attitude scale was used to identify the level of attitude and a researcher filled the checklist to observe the practice regarding family planning among the eligible couples. Statistical analysis was made using mean, median, percentage and standard deviation that showed the highest number of eligible couples had average knowledge that is 39 (65%) regarding family planning method. Whereas the 30 (63%) of eligible couples showed positive attitude towards family planning method. Also, 37 (62%) among the eligible couples were observed for average practice towards family planning method. The chi-square test was used to find associations. There is a significant association between knowledge level with socio-economic status (χ2 = 18>12.592). Also, there is a significant association between practice with religion (χ2 = 12.68>12.592) and with socio-economic status (χ2 = 19.47>16.919). While the study also found an association between attitude with religion (χ2 = 21.7>9.488) and with duration of marriage (χ2 = 16>12.592). Reliability of the tool was confirmed through test-retest (r = 0.78). The study finding concludes the average level of knowledge, attitude and practice along with a significant association between some of the socio-demographic variables with knowledge, attitude and practice