The main aim of the organization is to create a common platform for scientists, professors, teachers, experts, and students in the field of biological sciences to share their thoughts and ideas about nature and the structure and function of living things. It also works to organize events like seminars, conferences, and workshops to promote interaction and collaboration among researchers and professionals. A key goal is to spread knowledge about plants and animals to support their development, conservation, and proper management.
ATTITUDE OF HEALTHCARE STUDENTS AND PROFESSIONALS TOWARDS MRSA AND OTHER MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALS.
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) pose significant challenges to infection control in hospitals. Understanding healthcare workers’ attitudes is crucial for designing effective interventions. Objective: To assess the attitudes of healthcare students and professionals towards MRSA and MDROs in tertiary care hospitals in India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 participants: 100 MBBS students/interns, 100 nursing students, and 100 technical staff (nurses and technicians) across four tertiary care hospitals. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to MRSA and MDROs. Results: Overall, 72% of respondents recognized MRSA as a serious public health threat. Positive attitudes towards infection control were highest among nursing students (82%), followed by MBBS students/interns (76%), and technical staff (58%). However, only 45% reported consistent adherence to hand hygiene protocols. Fear of personal infection was reported by 61% of participants, while 39% expressed concern about inadequate institutional support. Conclusion: While awareness of MRSA and MDROs is relatively high, gaps remain in attitudes and practices, particularly among technical staff. Targeted educational interventions and stronger institutional infection control policies are recommended
Attitude, Health care students, Healthcare professionals, multidrug resistant infections
STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND ITS ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN COLOURED PERICARP SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH).
Understanding the stability of grain yield and yield-attributing traits is critical for sorghum improvement under variable agro-ecological conditions. Twenty-one coloured pericarp sorghum genotypes were evaluated across three rabi environments—Parbhani, Basmathnagar, and Nanded—during 2022–23 using a randomized block design with two replications. Stability parameters were analysed according to the Eberhart and Russell (1966) model. Significant genotypic and environmental differences were observed for all yield traits. GP 40053-1-2 exhibited high grain yield and stable performance across environments, whereas IS 23891 and ISSVT 102 showed high yield potential. Genotypes GP 3138 and ISSVT 102 performed better under poor environments, while ICRISAT 409 and YPT 1007 performed better under favourable environments. The study identifies superior and stable genotypes suitable for rabi sorghum improvement.
Sorghum; Rabi sorghum; Coloured pericarp; Grain yield; Yield-attributing traits; Stability analysis; Eberhart and Russell model; Genotype × environment interaction; Stable genotypes; High-yielding genotypes; Randomized block design; multi-environment evaluation
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING ON NEXT-GENERATION DRUG DISCOVERY.
The enduring difficulties of conventional drug discovery, which are marked by exorbitant expenses, protracted timelines, and poor success rates, may be revolutionary addressed by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This comprehensive review critically analyze recent advancements (2019–2025) in AI/ML techniques across the whole drug discovery process, from target selection to clinical development. We look at a variety of AI methods, such as transformers, deep learning, and graph neural networks, with an emphasis on how they are used in crucial domains like preclinical safety evaluation, target identification, lead finding, and hit optimization. The benefits, drawbacks, and real-world difficulties are shown by our thorough comparison analysis. connected to several AI methodologies, highlighting crucial elements for effective application such data quality, model validation, and ethical considerations. The paper summarizes existing applications, points out enduring limitations, especially in clinical translation, interpretability, and data accessibility, and suggests future paths to fully realize AI's potential in developing safer, more effective, and more accessible medications. Through a focus on open and transparent methods, strong validation, and ethical frameworks, this review seeks to direct the ethical and significant incorporation of AI into pharmaceutical research and development
Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Drug discovery, Deep learning
IMPACT OF PREOPERATIVE COUNSELING ON ANXIETY LEVELS IN CHILDREN AND PARENTS.
Background: Preoperative anxiety in children and their parents is common and associated with poorer perioperative cooperation, increased analgesic requirements, and longer recovery. Preoperative counseling (age-appropriate information, coping strategies, and orientation) is a potentially low-cost intervention to reduce anxiety. Objective: To evaluate the effect of structured preoperative counseling on anxiety levels in children and their parents, and to assess perceptions of its usefulness among health-care trainees and staff (MBBS doctors/interns, nursing students, BDS students, and technical & nursing staff). Design: Multicenter mixed-methods study with (A) a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of counseling vs standard care in 200 child–parent pairs and (B) a cross-sectional survey of 350 health-care trainees/staff across four tertiary hospitals of India. Results (summary): In the RCT component, children who received structured counseling showed significantly lower Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) scores at induction compared with controls (mean difference −15.2 points, 95% CI −18.6 to −11.8, p<0.001). Parent state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-S) was also lower in the intervention group (mean difference −6.7, 95% CI −8.9 to −4.5, p<0.001). In the survey, >80% of MBBS and nursing students and ~70% of technical staff rated preoperative counseling as "very useful"; common barriers cited were time constraints and lack of training. Conclusions: Structured preoperative counseling significantly reduces anxiety in both children and parents. Widespread adoption—supported by brief training for clinical staff and students—could improve perioperative experience
Preoperative Counseling, Anxiety Levels, Children, Parents
CLIMATE CRISIS AND THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Climate change is a really significant problem that we are presently confronting. Given the severe consequences of climate change on global populations, it is crucial to adopt an interdisciplinary strategy to mitigate its effects. Teachers have a vital role in imparting knowledge, convincing pupils, and serving as a model for critical thinking and environmental activism to equip students for the difficulties presented by climate change. Climate change is a significant concern for EFL teachers as they want to equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills to address this global issue. The research seeks to investigate the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and preparedness of teachers in incorporating climate change topics into English Language Teaching (ELT). Education possesses the capacity to serve as the utmost crucial tool for transforming society in a manner that enables it to effectively address the consequences of climate change. It is crucial to be able to measure the level of awareness regarding climate change issues, as well as people’s readiness to take action. This is necessary in order to evaluate the effectiveness of climate change awareness and adaptation initiatives. METHODS: This study employed qualitative research methods. The qualitative study findings were gathered from a variety of secondary sources, including media articles, academic journal articles, and past theses. A discourse analysis method was used throughout this study, and several case studies were gathered from news articles and journals to provide a brief overview of English classroom environment brings in children concerned on the environment,
English language teaching, environmental awareness, climate change, climate education, English language classroom, teaching methods
INTERNET ADDICTION AND ITS IMPACTS: INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS IN ADOLESCENTS AMONG MADINAH SCHOOLS
Background: Internet use has become an integral part of adolescents’ daily lives; however, excessive and uncontrolled engagement may predispose vulnerable youth to psychological distress. Limited evidence exists regarding the burden of internet addiction and its emotional consequences among school-aged adolescents in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of internet addiction and examine its association with depression, anxiety, and stress in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 248 adolescents enrolled in private and public schools in Madinah between September and December 2024. Internet addiction was evaluated using Young’s Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), and mental health symptoms were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Descriptive statistics were reported, gender differences were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test, and age-adjusted associations were analyzed using partial Spearman correlation coefficients. Results: More than half of participants (54%) reported at least occasional problems related to internet use, and 4% experienced severe functional impairment. Severe or extremely severe symptoms were reported by 22.6% for depression, 38.3% for anxiety, and 19.4% for stress. Females demonstrated significantly higher stress levels compared to males (p = 0.016) and higher, though non-significant, depression and anxiety levels. Age-adjusted analysis showed that higher YIAS scores were significantly correlated with greater depression (ρ = 0.414, p < 0.001), anxiety (ρ = 0.350, p < 0.001), and stress (ρ = 0.449, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Problematic internet use is common among adolescents in Madinah and is strongly associated with increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, particularly among girls. These findings underline the need for school- and community-based screening, preventive awareness programs, and early psychological interventions to promote balanced technology use and safeguard adolescent mental well-being
Internet addiction, Adolescents, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Saudi Arabia, Mental health
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF OLMESARTAN COCRYSTALS FOR SOLUBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT
Objective: The present study aimed to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Olmesartan Medoxomil, a poorly water-soluble antihypertensive agent, through the development of pharmaceutical co-crystals using salicylic acid and benzoic acid as co-formers. Methods: Co-crystals of Olmesartan were prepared in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios using dry grinding (DG), liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) and solvent evaporation (SE) methods. The prepared co-crystals were evaluated for saturation solubility, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo pharmacokinetics. Results: All co-crystal formulations showed a significant improvement in solubility and dissolution compared to pure Olmesartan. Among them, the optimized formulation OC-S2- SE (Olmesartan : Salicylic acid, 1:2, solvent evaporation) exhibited the highest saturation solubility (0.092 ± 0.012 mg/mL) and drug release (97.86% in 60 minutes). FTIR and DSC confirmed co-crystal formation through characteristic peak shifts and the emergence of a new thermal event at 115.96 °C. SEM analysis revealed a distinct change in surface morphology with uniform and compact crystal aggregates. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed a significant enhancement in systemic exposure for OC-S2-SE, with a Cmax of 3782 ± 55.42 µg/mL and AUC₀–t of 60405.25 ± 144.84 µg·h/mL, compared to 1735 ± 14.56 µg/mL and 28586.50 ± 132.73 µg·h/mL for pure Olmesartan, respectively. Conclusion: Co-crystallization of Olmesartan with salicylic acid, especially via solvent evaporation, is a promising strategy to overcome its solubility and bioavailability limitations. The study validates the potential of pharmaceutical co-crystals to improve the therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs
Olmesartan, co-crystals, Salicylic acid, Benzoic acid, Solubility enhancement, Bioavailability, Solvent evaporation etc
POLYMORPHIC SIGNATURES OF IL-1RA GENE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY AND PROGRESSION IN SOUTHERN INDIA
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with genetic and immunological factors playing a central role in its onset and progression. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) gene, an immune-regulatory gene, influences inflammation-driven tomourigenesis and angiogenesis. Variations in IL-1RA may therefore serve as potential biomarkers of cancer susceptibility. This study investigated the association of IL-1RA variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms with breast, cervical, and lung cancers in a Southern India cohort. Peripheral blood samples were collected from cancer patients and healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted using the salting-out method, and IL-1RA VNTR polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA banding patterns were quantified, and genotype frequencies were analysed statistically. The observed p-values for breast, cervical, and lung cancers were 0.329, 0.190, and 0.346, respectively. Cervical cancer patients displayed the broadest allelic diversity and showed the most significant association with IL-1RA VNTR polymorphisms. Breast cancer patients exhibited increased homozygous allele I and II genotypes, while lung cancer patients showed a restricted profile dominated by allele VI. IL-1RA VNTR polymorphisms exhibit cancer-specific patterns in Southern India, with cervical cancer showing the strongest association. These findings suggest that IL-1RA genetic variability may influence cancer susceptibility and progression, supporting its potential utility as a predictive biomarker. Larger-scale studies are warranted to confirm its role in cancer risk assessment
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA); Gene polymorphism; Cancer susceptibility; Breast cancer; Cervical cancer; Lung cancer; VNTR; PCR genotyping; Biomarker; Tomourigenesis; Angiogenesis
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS BIOMEDICAL WASTE SEGREGATION AMONG MEDICAL, NURSING, DENTAL STUDENTS AND PARAMEDICAL STAFF (INCLUDING NURSES AND TECHNICIAN HOSPITAL STAFF) IN TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITALS AND AFFILIATED COLLEGES
Background: Proper biomedical waste (BMW) segregation is essential to reduce infection risk and environmental harm. This study assessed knowledge and attitude towards BMW segregation among medical (MBBS), nursing, dental (BDS) students and paramedical staff in 3 tertiary hospitals and affiliated colleges. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a structured 15-item questionnaire administered to 350 participants (100 MBBS students, 100 nursing students, 50 BDS students, 100 paramedical staff). Knowledge was scored (0–15) from objective items; attitude was measured by 15 Likert items (1–5) and summarized as mean attitude score. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons and correlation (knowledge vs attitude) were performed. Results: Using sample data, mean knowledge scores were highest among MBBS students (mean ≈ 11/15), followed by paramedical staff (≈9.6), nursing (≈9.1), and dental students (≈8.3). Percentage who “agree/strongly agree” with “I understand biomedical waste segregation” was ~70% for MBBS, ~63% for paramedical, ~49% for nursing, and ~44% for dental in the mock dataset. A positive correlation between knowledge and attitude was observed in the mock data. Conclusion: The results suggest gaps in knowledge and attitude that vary across groups; targeted training—particularly for nursing and dental students—could improve BMW segregation practices
Biomedical waste, segregation, knowledge, attitude, medical students, nursing students, dental students, paramedical staff
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND FTIR- BASED CHARACTERISATION OF RED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) GROWN IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
Red rice is a variety of rice characterised by a red outer layer of bran. The aspect that makes such rice different is that, although the rice undergoes extensive milling, it still retains the red residue in the outermost layer. It is well recognised that red rice has a high level of phytochemicals and exhibits strong antioxidant properties. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and FTIR characterisation of red rice collected from different districts of Himachal Pradesh. Phytochemical composition indicated that there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC) among the red rice samples. Kaluna (72.48±1.45 mg GAE/g) had the highest TPC, while the TFC was recorded in Jattoo (15.10±1.25 mg QE/g). The total anthocyanin content (TAC) varied from 0.37 ± 0.05 to 1.36 ± 0.03 mg/g, with Jattoo having the highest anthocyanin content. Gocha exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (76.32±2.42 mg AAE/g), while HPR-2795 showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (91.70±0.40 %) with the lowest IC50 value. Matali demonstrated the highest reducing power, highlighting its superior antioxidant potential. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic functional groups associated with proanthocyanidin present in red rice. The results highlight the nutritional and functional importance of red rice from Himachal Pradesh, demonstrating its potential as an antioxidant-rich functional food for enhancing health and reducing the chances of chronic diseases
Red rice, Himachal Pradesh, phytochemical composition, antioxidant property, FTIR
PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FARMERS’ ADAPTATION THROUGH AGROFORESTRY: LAW, POLICY & SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY
Climate change has emerged as a defining challenge for agrarian societies across the globe, particularly in developing economies such as India where livelihoods depend heavily on climate-sensitive agriculture. Agroforestry—the intentional integration of trees with crops and livestock—has been recognised as a viable adaptation and mitigation strategy. This paper explores how farmers perceive climate change, how these perceptions shape adaptation through agroforestry, and how legal and policy frameworks facilitate or constrain this process. Drawing upon sociological perspectives of environmental perception, as well as legal and institutional analyses, the paper argues that the social acceptability of agroforestry depends not only on ecological benefits but also on cultural meanings, land tenure systems, and state policy structures. The study concludes that adaptive governance, participatory extension, and equitable policy design are essential to strengthen farmers’ agency in climate-resilient agroforestry
Climate Change, Farmer Adaptation, Agroforestry, Environmental Perception
“Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Family Planning Methods Among Eligible Couples Residing in Rural Area Vadodara”
A descriptive research study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding family planning methods among the eligible couples of selected rural areas, Vadodara, Gujarat. The study selected 60 eligible couples of ages 21-45 years, using non-purposive convenient sampling technique. A self-structured knowledge questionnaire, attitude scale and practice checklist were developed by a researcher to collect the data. The tool was developed with the help of literature review, expert validation, and pretesting. The knowledge questionnaire was administered to assess the level of knowledge, whereas the attitude scale was used to identify the level of attitude and a researcher filled the checklist to observe the practice regarding family planning among the eligible couples. Statistical analysis was made using mean, median, percentage and standard deviation that showed the highest number of eligible couples had average knowledge that is 39 (65%) regarding family planning method. Whereas the 30 (63%) of eligible couples showed positive attitude towards family planning method. Also, 37 (62%) among the eligible couples were observed for average practice towards family planning method. The chi-square test was used to find associations. There is a significant association between knowledge level with socio-economic status (χ2 = 18>12.592). Also, there is a significant association between practice with religion (χ2 = 12.68>12.592) and with socio-economic status (χ2 = 19.47>16.919). While the study also found an association between attitude with religion (χ2 = 21.7>9.488) and with duration of marriage (χ2 = 16>12.592). Reliability of the tool was confirmed through test-retest (r = 0.78). The study finding concludes the average level of knowledge, attitude and practice along with a significant association between some of the socio-demographic variables with knowledge, attitude and practice
Knowledge, attitude, practice, family planning method, contraception, eligible couple
"DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE CHITOSAN FILMS INCORPORATED WITH ANACARDIC ACID FOR CHEESE PRESERVATION"
This study explores the influence of anacardic acid (ANA), a natural polyphenolic compound, on the mechanical, thermal, biodegradability, and food preservation properties of chitosan (CH)-based biopolymer films intended for active cheese packaging. Mechanical strength analysis indicated that the incorporation of ANA up to 15 mg per 100 mL CH solution did not significantly affect the tensile properties of the films, which exhibited comparable tensile strength and elongation values to the control. This behavior was attributed to the potential disruption of crystalline ordering by phenolic groups, counterbalancing any reinforcement effect. Biodegradability studies revealed a slight reduction in the degradation rate of ANA-incorporated films, with weight loss decreasing from 72% in control films to 64% in ANA15–CH films after 30 days of soil burial. The hydrophobic nature of ANA likely limited water absorption and microbial enzyme penetration, thereby slowing degradation. The films were further evaluated for their effectiveness in cheese preservation over a 28-day storage period. Results demonstrated that increasing concentrations of ANA (5–15 mg) enhanced preservation performance. The film containing 15 mg ANA (S3) maintained higher moisture content, a slower decline in pH, lower total acidity, reduced peroxide values, and significantly suppressed microbial growth (8.0 × 10³ CFU/g) compared to the control (3.5 × 10⁴ CFU/g). These outcomes underscore the antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of ANA, positioning it as a promising natural additive for developing biodegradable, active packaging systems to extend cheese shelf life...
Anacardic acid (ANA), Active Packaging Films, and Cheese
DETERMINANTS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND SMART FARMING TECHNOLOGIES AMONG FARMERS
Background: Hyper-precision agriculture and smart farming technologies can significantly increase productivity, improve the efficiency of resource utilization, and further sustainability goals. Adoption, however, continues to lag due to differing farmer perceptions and hurdles they encounter. Objectives: This study seeks to understand the awareness, perception, and adoption behaviors of farmers with regard to Precision Agriculture and Smart Farming Technologies and assess the determinants of their adoption. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was carried out among 250 farmers with a structured questionnaire that included demographic questions, technology knowledge, usage, perceived benefits, and barriers to encourage participation. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, reliability testing (Cronbach's alpha), normality tests, and exploratory factor analysis for construct validation. Results: Moderate adoption was recorded despite most respondents acknowledging an increase in crop yield and reduced input costs. The perception scale showed strong reliability with Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.806. Normality tests indicated a non-normal distribution of responses. From the analysis, two distinct factors were identified: perceived benefits and perceived barriers, the latter of which identified cost and training as major hurdles. Conclusions: Farmers have a good understanding of Precision Agriculture and Smart Farming and their benefits; however, further financial and technical constraints stemming from high operational costs need to be subsidized to widen the scope of adoption. Extensive outreach through training and technical aid needs to be implemented. Policymakers and stakeholders can plan effective strategies for sustainable agricultural development using these insights...
Farmers’ Attitudes, Adoption of Technologies, Sustainability in Agriculture, Smart Farming, Reliability Analysis, and Factor Analysis
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON URBAN HEALTH: ASSESSING LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES
The contamination of the surroundings in cities poses significant health risks that mostly impair respiratory organs and the heart. Those who resided in areas where there were high rates of air pollution had 26% quicker deaths compared to people who resided in areas with low prevalence of pollution. The study notes that there is a dire need to have professional air quality management systems to protect the health of the individuals. The different global mitigation efforts have recorded varying degrees of success in their undertaking. The growth of the Ultra Low Emission Zone within London created significant effects of reduction in harmful pollutants that especially benefited underprivileged community localities. The system of policies fines the vehicles that fail to meet the standards with day-to-day fees as a means of reducing the numbers of vehicles with high emissions on the road. The Paris city had a better air quality due to significant road limit speed restriction in their urban area. This illustrates that selective policy-making can result in measurable effects of airborne pollution reduction and improved wellness of the population. There is successful adoption of pollution control strategies but there are various obstacles that still intervene with its implementation. The economic costs associated with the use of clean technology pose a challenge to complete implementation of such technology as it may be costly. Political and regulatory systems are the biggest obstacles to the implementation of regulations on air pollution since stakeholders have varying priorities and interests. Air pollution mitigation needs the additional research investments into the technological advancements as the existing monitoring and reducing technologies are still underdeveloped. These challenges should be resolved using various elements which incorporate both financial incentives and high quality and technological advancement to attain improvements in the air quality conditions over a long period of time.
urban air pollution, PM₂.₅, NO₂, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, public health
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA FOR COD REDUCTION AND SLUDGE DEGRADATION IN CHEMICAL EFFLUENTS: A STUDY FROM VADODARA'S DUMPING SITE
Untreated chemical effluents containing organic toxic pollutants have high COD values and result in very heavy sludge build up in water bodies; they are major environmental problems over a rapid industrialization area of Vadodara. Therefore, this work tries to isolate and characterize indigenous bacterial strains from the disposal site at Mujmahuda in Vadodara for their abilities to reduce COD values and sludge biodegradation capacities in treating industrial wastewaters. All eight bacterial strains (M1-M8) were evaluated for their potential wastewater biodegradation capacities. Only two strains M2 and M6 belong to Bacillus Stercoris (M2), and Bacillus Cereus (M6) among the eight strains, these two showed much higher abilities for COD reduction. The effectiveness of these strains was evaluated under a range of experimental conditions, such as varying time intervals (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), varying pH levels (3.01 and 7.02–7.03), and the addition of a 5% bacterial booster dose. Based on the results, Bacillus Cereus (M6) showed the highest COD reduction (84.10%) at neutral pH (7.03) after 96 hours, followed by Bacillus Stercoris (M2), which showed a COD reduction of 78.50% under similar conditions. The Pack Mass Volume (PMV) Method of Sludge Degradation Analysis also Showed Significant Sludge Reduction, With M6 Reaching a final Sludge Content Of 4.10% and M2 Reaching 4.20% After 120 Hours. These results show how Bacillus Stercoris and Bacillus Cereus may be used in bioremediation techniques for treating industrial wastewater, providing a sustainable and environmentally friendly substitute for reducing industrial pollution..
Bioremediation, Waste Water Treatment, Bacillus Cereus, Bacillus Stercoris
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPASE-PRODUCING BACILLUS STERCORIS AS AN INDUSTRIAL BIOCATALYST
The present study aims, isolates, and identifies a lipase-producing bacterium from polluted soil at Vadodara's Mujmahuda dumping site. The bacterium strain M2 was identified to be Bacillus stercoris by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which indicated 100% sequence and coverage match (GenBank Accession No: PQ839563).The strain was cultivated in two specialized media (M1 and M2), where M2 with tryptone was more lipase active. Lipase production was established through tests with clear zones, where bigger zones were observed in purified samples. Partial purification with ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis yielded an active enzyme with a molecular weight of approximately 56.2 kDa, obtained through SDS PAGE. The maximum enzyme activity was observed at pH 9.0 and 50 °C, at 3900 U/mL. It was proven to be beneficial in industry through wastewater treatment, where free fatty acids increased from 2.96% to 4.50%, with a 52.43% conversion rate. These findings indicate that Bacillus Stercoris M2 may be an excellent biocatalyst for eco-friendly industrial applications.
Bacillus stercoris, Lipase, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Biocatalyst, Industrial effluent treatment
THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH STUDY ON ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS, CO-EVOLUTION, AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
The interdependence of plant and animal systems plays a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and stability. This study investigates biodiversity patterns, ecological interactions, co-evolutionary dynamics, and network resilience across four representative ecosystems: forests, grasslands, semi-urban habitats, and agricultural landscapes. Using a stratified random sampling design, we recorded plant and animal species richness, interaction frequencies, and trait correlations, followed by analyses using biodiversity indices, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), and ecological network metrics. Results revealed significant variation in species richness and evenness, with forests exhibiting the highest diversity and complex interaction networks, grasslands maintaining moderate richness and high evenness, semi-urban areas acting as transitional ecosystems, and agricultural landscapes showing the lowest biodiversity due to monoculture practices and habitat simplification. Mutualistic interactions, including pollination and seed dispersal, were strongest in forests and grasslands, while semi-urban and agricultural habitats displayed fragmented and simplified interaction webs dominated by generalist species. Co-evolutionary analyses revealed strong adaptive correlations between floral traits, pollinator morphologies, fruit sizes, and frugivore adaptations, particularly in forest systems. Ecological network analyses demonstrated that interaction diversity and functional redundancy enhance ecosystem resilience, with forests sustaining robust networks and agricultural systems remaining vulnerable to disturbance. These findings highlight the need for integrated biodiversity conservation strategies that focus on maintaining functional interdependencies, enhancing habitat connectivity, and protecting key ecological processes to ensure long-term ecosystem stability and sustainability under growing climate change and land-use pressures
Plant-animal interactions, Biodiversity patterns, Co-evolution, Ecological networks, Ecosystem stability
ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME MANAGEMENT IN AYURVEDA W.S.R. PURGHANI YONIVYAPADA – A CASE REPORT
Vandyatava is caused by vata pradhana tridoshaja dushti. Habitual abortion is caused by repeated abortions due to vitiated doshas leading to bleeding. Objectives: Treatment of Anti-phospholipid syndrome w.s.r. Putraghni yonivyapada (Habitual abortions) by panchakarma. Methods: The patient was pre-diagnosed with secondary infertility. The present diagnosed case of anti-phospholipid syndrome approached with the chief complaints of repeated abortions, anxious to conceive for 4 years and, taken various medications. Results: After treatment of one year patient conceived and delivered a healthy baby. Conclusion: Ayurvedic medication can do the samprapti vigatana of the anyonya avarana of vata which leads to the dushti of rakta and tridoshas.
Vandyatava, Infertility, Ayurvedic treatment
A STUDY ON “TEACHING PEDAGOGY INFLUENCE ON SUSTAINABLE LEARNING STYLE AND LEARNING OUTCOME”
Purpose: The biggest challenge faced by Business Schools in India is how to enhance students’ learning and produce quality professionals for tomorrow, as ‘employability’ became a big question. Under VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity) Environment, sustaining quality is the ‘Need of the Hour’. With rapid advancement of disruptive technologies, students have shown increasing interest in technology-enhanced learning pedagogies. Design: The authors investigated the association between Pedagogy, Learning Styles and Effective Learning Outcomes among the Post-Graduation students of MBA Program. The data was captured using the structured questionnaire from 103 respondents who were volunteered out of 180 MBA students from one of the select premier B-Schools in the Southern part of India. The data was analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Reliability Statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Measures of Association, and Testing of Hypothesis. Findings: Findings of the study indicated that 66% of respondents agreed that Colloquy Pedagogy is effective when compared to other methods of teaching; 63% of students agreed that they learn best by Kinesthetic Learning Style and they agreed that learning through Gamification helps to cope up with work pressure. Value: The authors have concluded that best teaching pedagogy, and learning style have its impact on learning outcome.
Disruptive, Employability, Learning Styles, Learning Effectiveness, Learning Outcome, MBA, Pedagogy, Student Learning, VUCA.
ISOLATION, MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ASPERGILLUS VERSICOLOR AND OTHER ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM THUNBERGIA ERECTA
Endophytic fungi are non-pathogenic microorganisms residing within healthy plant tissues and are known to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. This study focused on isolating and characterizing endophytic fungi from Thunbergia erecta, a medicinal and ornamental plant. Six morphologically distinct fungal isolates were selected for analysis. Molecular identification confirmed Aspergillus versicolor (TE2) and Aspergillus micronesiensis (TE4), while Penicillium sp.1 (TE3) and Penicillium sp.2 (TE9) were identified based on morphology. TE7 and TE8 remained unidentified due to lack of molecular data. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and four fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium chrysogenum). A. versicolor (TE2) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 24 mm against B. subtilis and 22 mm against other bacteria, exceeding Gentamicin (18 mm). TE7 showed comparable antibacterial activity, while Penicillium sp.1, Aspergillus micronesiensis and Penicillium sp.2 demonstrated moderate activity. TE8 exhibited relatively lower antibacterial effects. In antifungal assays, A. versicolor (TE2) showed significant inhibition against A. fumigatus (12 mm), C. albicans and F. oxysporum (10 mm), and P. chrysogenum (8 mm). TE7 and Penicillium sp.2 displayed moderate antifungal activity, while TE8 had limited effects. Penicillium sp.1 showed no antifungal inhibition. These findings highlight A. versicolor (TE2) as a promising source of antimicrobial compounds and encourage further research on T. erecta endophytes.
Thunbergia erecta, endophytic fungi, antimicrobial activity, Aspergillus versicolor, ITS rDNA sequencing
SACRED GROVES AND SOCIAL ECOLOGY: THE SOCIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FLORA AND FAUNA IN INDIAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Sacred groves represent an ancient and ecologically significant practice in India, embodying the deep-rooted relationship between society and nature. These forest patches, preserved through religious and cultural norms, reflect the indigenous knowledge systems, values, and worldviews of various Indian communities. This paper explores sacred groves as socio-cultural and ecological institutions, focusing on their role in biodiversity conservation, social organization, and religious practice. Drawing from sociological theories and ethnographic studies, it analyzes how flora and fauna within sacred groves are assigned symbolic meanings and contribute to social cohesion, environmental ethics, and community-based resource management. By investigating the contemporary challenges facing sacred groves amid modernization, the paper also addresses the implications for environmental justice, policy-making, and sustainable development. Ultimately, sacred groves exemplify a form of social ecology that bridges cultural heritage and ecological sustainability in India.
Sacred groves, social ecology, cultural landscapes, Indian society, flora and fauna
APPLICATION OF GRAPH LABELLING IN PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR GLOSSOPHOBIA
Glossophobia, derived from the Greek word “glosso’(meaning tongue) is a common fear of public speaking found among students. In this paper, we apply graph labelling techniques to address the issue of glossophobia. The complicative cognitive mapping which is commonly used in psychotherapy is now replaced by bi-star graph. A survey was undertaken among school students of age group 10 years to 18 years. Shrub graph is used to represent the collected data for symptoms found among students while speaking in a competition. The link for the summary of results of the google survey done is also given in this paper
A NEW EFFICIENT HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHIC IMPLEMENTATION FOR INFORMATION SECURITY IN HADOOP
An anticipated safe cloud computing system has been designed to address a significant challenge in creating a tailored Hadoop for the cloud. In this area, Hadoop was used to build and enhance the security of handling and collecting user data. Hadoop is one of the other Apache Big Data technologies, and it prepares massive volumes of data using the MapReduce architecture. One of the most important tools for addressing Big Data concerns is Hadoop. One of the most difficult challenges is securing data storage, and the Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) lacks a clear security strategy. The suggested method uses public key cryptography to encrypt and protect each and every file stored in HDFS. Using the suggested data encryption technique, the collected data is encrypted in HDFS during the data collection process. In this paper, a hybrid encryption method for HDFS files is presented that combines two well-known asymmetric key cryptosystems (RSA and Paillier). Data is encrypted using the proposed cryptosystem before it is saved in HDFS. However, the RSA encryption algorithm usually requires a longer key to ensure data security. There are two methods for uploading files to the cloud: non-secure and safe. The hybrid system has a lower delay and higher computational complexity as compared to the RSA cryptosystem alone. Asymmetric encryption algorithms, such as RSA and Paillier, use public-key encryption and private key decryption, so it provides security in the cloud computing environment. The datasets required for the study is obtained from Amazon.
Kaparthi Ravi Kishore and G. Shyama Chandra Prasad
EVALUATION OF AXIAL CAPACITY OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL COLUMN UNDER ECCENTRIC LOADS
Most of the current studies and developments which deal with the effect of eccentric axial compression load, especially at the column, in addition to it affects Columns behaviour with closely spaced transverse reinforcement improves significantly with the use of high-strength confinement steel. The use of larger bar diameters for longitudinal reinforcement produces little beneficial effect on the ductility of column, increasing ratio of longitudinal reinforcement in high strength concrete columns leads to an increase in column capacity but decreases its ductility, tie configuration is very effective in strength and ductility of high strength columns. In general, when axial load increases, the flexural ductility of the column decreases, as eccentricity increases, columns give more ductile behaviour in under and post-peak stage. this paper experimentally investigates the elastic buckling of steel columns with three different area cross-sections of the square cross-sections, different eccentric and two different boundary conditions, i.e. fixed-free(F-F) and pinned-pinned (P-P) boundary conditions, under axial compression. It is concluded that calculations made the P-P and the lowest differences in F-F at difference buckling load, also the square cross-section of P-P has the lowest slenderness ratios and square cross-section of F-F has the highest slenderness ratios and the buckling loads of P-P column is higher than F-F column.
Adnan Kadhim Jawad, Mohammed Jalil Jihad, Oday Jawad Kadhim
EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON HUMAN ORGANISM
In this article, mainly, the issues of the tune are considered. The permissible levels of radiation established in our republic are very few units. Therefore, even if the organism is exposed to radiation for a long time, there may be no change. The effect of various radioactive rays on living organisms depends on their ionizing and penetrating properties. Different rays have different biological effects when absorbed in the same dose
Electromagnetic field, vibration frequency, electromagnetic, energy flow intensity, radiation, atom, molecule, negative, pole, range.
Abdugafur Hotamov, Akram Nizamov, Tuygun Jumabaev, Meiliyev Dilshod
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF SEASHELL COARSE AGGREGATE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POND-ASH CONCRETE
In this work, it is proposed to study, in concrete the adequacy of seashells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates. In Countries that are highly developing and where concrete is largely used, the high and ever-increasing cost of concrete has made construction very expensive. The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting the delivery of homes in the World. This, combined with the adverse effect of concrete production on the environment, has led to studies on various materials that could be used as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates and cement. This necessitated research on alternative building materials and analysis of characteristics of resistance to the traction and compression of concrete produced using seashells as substitutes for conventional coarse aggregates with partial replacement in M30-grade concrete. The main objective is to encourage the use of these products as low-cost building materials. In this work, experiments have been carried out with the collection of the necessary materials, and the data required for the design of the mixture has been obtained by sieve analysis and specific gravity tests. The sieve analysis was conducted from various fine aggregates (FA) and coarse aggregate (CA) samples and the sample that is appropriate for the requirement was selected. Pond ash is the by-product of thermal power plants, which is considered waste whose disposal is a major environmental problem requiring many disposal zones. In fact, there are three types of ashes produced by thermal energy (1) fly ash, (2) bottom ash, and (3) pond ash. Fly ash is collected mechanically or through electrostatic precipitators of combustion gases from power plants, while the chewers are collected from the bottom of the boilers. When these two types of ash are mixed together, transported in the form of manure, and stored in the lagoons as deposits, it is called pond ash. The volume of ash from the pond produced by thermal power plants is very large compared to the other two ashes, namely, fly ash and Clinker. The task of making the most of the ashes of the pond remains a major task problem around the world. To solve the problem, pond ash has been used in the present work as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production.
Seashell, Pond ash, Compressive strength, Flexure strength, split tensile strength, coastal areas.
Mrs. G. Mounica , Prof. Dr. H. Sudarsana Rao, Prof. Dr. Vaishali G Ghorpade
ANALYSIS OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FOR CORONA VIRUS MORTALITY IN IRAQ BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VACCINES
Modern times created modern problems and many of those problems have data, In this research, we try to analyze the behavior of the Mortality data distribution resulting from the Corona epidemic probabilistically before and after the discovery of vaccines globally and their distribution in Iraq of different types of vaccines using some statistical tools, which can have a significant impact on increasing immunity and reducing the mortality rate of healthy people and people with infection, and thus changing the shape of the probability distribution of mortality On a daily basis, and reduce the proportion of deaths resulting from this epidemic by knowing the probability distribution with the best fit of the probability represents the data that has wide uses in survival analysis to describe the incidence of deaths before and after the discovery of vaccines with high fitness value using the method of estimating the maximum likelihood of Appropriate parameter estimating by using Anderson-Darling distance to reduce the distance, insides use some other statistical techniques to analyze the differences between mortality during the two years 2020 and 2021 (before and after vaccines discovery) depend upon programming language r and rely on a set of packages, the most important of which is (fitdistrplus package) and Other statistical functions in R language insides easy fit program for Iraqi mortality time series analysis from Corona virus.
Corona Virus Mortality, Johnson SB distribution, Beta distribution, Dagum (4p) distribution, Anderson Darling test, fitdistrplus package.
Abbas Gulmurad Beg Murad, Sozan Saber Haider Ali
LUNG CANCER DETECTION USING FUZZY C-MEAN ALGORITHM-BASED ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Lung cancer is the most dangerous disease. The chest X-ray (CXR) is the most widely used and crucial imaging method for detecting lung cancer. The CXR is chosen due to its accessibility, affordability, non-invasiveness, and ease of acquisition. Machine Learning (ML) is used to automate lung cancer identification. ML in medical imaging has the potential to reduce medical professionals' burden throughout the diagnostics and screening process. Lung segmentation is an important step in lung analysis. Several factors that make lung segmentation difficult are: 1) The size and structure of the lungs change as a result of gender, age, and heart size. 2) Opacity caused by severe pulmonary disease with a high-intensity value. 3) The patient's garments or medical gadgets obscure the entire visibility of the enclosed foreign entity, like the lung field. This study tries to address all of these issues. Graph cut and Fuzzy C-means (FCM) are two segmentation algorithms employed. The segmentation result from both techniques is fed into an ML model for classification followed by feature extraction. The ML model attempts to identify lung images as "normal" or "cancer." The outcome of the ML model followed by both segmented techniques is compared. The comparison results show that the FCM delivers more exact results on screening lung cancer.
Lung, Segmentation, Fuzzy, Graph Cut, Support Vector Machine
THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY FRIENDLY PRACTICE AND TURNOVER AMONGST ACADEMICIANS IN PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The research paper was written to identify the effectiveness of implementing family friendly practices in reducing turnover amongst academicians in private higher education institutions, with the mediator effect on job satisfaction. The practice includes the dimensions of (a) providing flexible working arrangements, (b) parental leave and (c) childcare benefits. Thus, these three variables were evaluated for their relationship with turnover, and whether there is any significant or effective association among the variables. Retaining the employee is always the main issue faced by many institutions and many scholars have formulated strategies to minimise the turnover. Most of them claim that if the strategies are properly implemented, organization turnover reduced and thus developing a highly committed and motivated employee. Hence, this study has developed four (4) questions and ten (10) hypotheses. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 316 employees from different educational institutions was selected through a cluster sampling method, to respond to the questionnaire. Data were analysed using multivariate statistical analysis, which is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The outcome of the research provided researchers with an understanding that flexible work arrangements, provision of parental leave, childcare benefits and job satisfaction have a significant negative relationship with turnover. Besides that, the outcome also shows a significant positive relationship between flexible work arrangements, parental leave and childcare benefits with job satisfaction. The outcome also confirmed a significant mediation effect of job satisfaction towards family friendly practices and turnover. This study has shown a positive outcome where the effectiveness of the policy has brought the workers to perform better and also improve the overall group performance in each department. Eventually, the research helps to improve the employment quality of Malaysian Private Higher Education Institutions, including teaching, research, environment and work culture in the country.
Family friendly practices, turnover, job satisfaction, flexible work arrangement, parental leave, and childcare benefits. JEL Classification: O15
Nelson Teh Song Aik, Benjamin Chan Yin Fah